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- ????? ??????: ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????.
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- ?????? ??????? ???????: ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? (SMEs) ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
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- ????? ??? ?????: ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????.
- ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????: ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????—??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????.
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?. ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????: ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????—????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????—??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.
?. ?????? ????????: ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????.
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?. ?????? ???????: ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????/??. ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????—??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????—??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????.
?. ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????: ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??.
?. ?????? ??????????: ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????—?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????.
?. ??????? ????????: ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????????. ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????.
Ethyl acetate (structure shown above) is the most familiar ester to many chemistry students and possibly the ester with the widest range of uses. Esters are structurally derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the acidic hydrogen by an alkyl or aryl group. Ethyl acetate itself is a colourless liquid at room temperature with a pleasant "fruity" smell, b.p. 77°C.
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